# DC drop and thermal

> Solve every copper layer for voltage drop and current density, then the board’s temperature with each part’s power, in seconds.

DC drop and thermal sims answer the two questions every power path raises: does the load see the voltage it needs, and how hot does the board get. Both run in seconds, so run them freely, after every layout change that touches a power path.

## DC drop

```toml
name = "lna-dc"
kind = "dc"
layout = "lna"
cell = 0.05

[[supplies]]
pad = "D2.1"
voltage = "4.7V"

[[supplies]]
pad = "J3.2"
voltage = "0V"

[[loads]]
pad = "U1.3"
current = "90mA"
return = "U1.2"

[[links]]
ref = "L1"
resistance = "0.6ohm"
```

The solver treats the copper of every layer as a resistive sheet, with vias as plated barrels between the layers they span, holds the supply pads at their voltage and draws each load's current out at its pad and back in at its `return`. It solves the whole board in double precision by sparse Cholesky.

Parts carry DC through `[[links]]`. Resistors take their value from the schematic; inductors and ferrite beads default to 0.1 ohm, so give a choke its datasheet DCR, as above. Anything else is open unless linked. A link joins pads 1 and 2 unless `a` and `b` name others, so a load switch is `{ ref = "U5", resistance = "80mohm", a = "1", b = "6" }`.

```sh
agentee sim lna-dc
agentee show sim:lna-dc
```

```text
supply D2.1            4.7 V         sources 90.00 mA
load U1.3              4.645 V       90 mA, pad 4.6453 V, return 0.0000 V
peak current density   13.892 A/mm2  F.Cu at [16.15, 12.10]
via [12.55, 11.00]     5.575 mA      busiest vias
```

That run took two seconds. The maps show the drop from each copper island's supply in mV, the current density in A/mm2 and the voltage. Look at the density map for necks: a pour squeezed between two pads, or a single via carrying a rail.

![DC drop map of the LNA board](https://agentee.sh/assets/renders/lna-dc.webp)

## Thermal

```toml
name = "lna-thermal"
kind = "thermal"
layout = "lna"
cell = 0.2
ambient = 25.0

[[sources]]
ref = "U1"
power = "0.45W"
theta_jc = 65.0
pads = ["2"]

[[sources]]
ref = "D2"
power = "30mW"
```

Steady state conduction through FR4 (0.8 W/mK in plane, 0.3 through), the copper sheets and the via barrels, with convection from both faces, solved on the GPU by preconditioned conjugate gradient. A source puts its power into the board through its pads, or only through the `pads` you name, like a regulator's thermal tab. `theta_jc` adds a junction estimate on top of the pad temperature.

```text
board peak     60.2 C   F.Cu at [13.00, 11.60]
U1 pads        60.2 C   0.45 W
U1 junction    89.4 C   pads + 0.45 W x 65 C/W
D2 pads        57.4 C   0.03 W
```

![Thermal map of the LNA board](https://agentee.sh/assets/renders/lna-thermal.webp)

### Model the enclosure

`h_top` and `h_bottom` are the convection coefficients of each face, in W/m2K: 10 is still air, 25 and up with a fan. A face pressed onto a heatsink or baseplate through a gap pad is a much larger number. The LNA's second thermal sim puts the whole bottom on a 1 mm, 3 W/mK gap pad to a 70 C baseplate:

```toml
name = "lna-thermal-chassis"
kind = "thermal"
layout = "lna"
ambient = 70.0
h_bottom = 3000.0
```

```text
board peak     76.8 C
U1 pads        76.8 C   0.45 W
U1 junction    106.0 C
```

The SPF5189Z is rated to an 85 C lead temperature, so this is the run that says whether the design works in its box. Write that reasoning into the sim's `description`, as the example does: the next person, or the next agent session, reads it there.

## When to run them

- After placing a regulator, an amplifier or anything over a quarter of a watt. The placer reads the thermal sims of a layout and keeps their sources at 0.25 W and up apart.
- After routing a rail, to catch a neck before it becomes a hot spot.
- Before ordering, with the real enclosure.

Results go stale when the spec or the copper changes, and check says so.